Funeral Oration

During the American Civil War, after the battle of Gettysburg, the climax of the war, Abraham Lincoln gave his famous speech at the commemoration of the Field. His type of "funeral oration" is one of the most famous speeches in America to date starting with the phrase "four score and seven years ago" that is very known today. He gave this speeched at the consecration of Gettysburg where so many U.S. soldiers died. He believed that they should consecrate the field not only because so many died there, but for what they did die for, freedom. "...that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion"(Lincoln). Another example of a funeral oration is the speech that Pericles gave at the funeral for the war dead, at the end of the first year of the Pelopennesian war. ("Pericles' Funeral Oration.") Pericles gave his speech and said that the Athenians that are still living should work for the cause that their dead die for. In both cases the speakers tell the living that they should not let the cause that the dead died for to rest.

Even though the speeches of Lincoln and Pericles are separate from each other they do share a certain link between them.

Honor was portrayed in each of these speeches. Honor was a major quality that was recognized in soldiers fighting in battle. In Lincoln's speech he declared, "It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us…" (Lincoln). Lincoln praises the troops for being so dedicated to the war and fighting for the honor of their country. Pericles states that "…We have forced every sea and land to be the highway of our daring, and everywhere, whether for good, have left imperishable monuments behind us" (Pericles). Pericles explains that the soldiers would do anything for their country. Both Lincoln and Pericles honor their dead that have fought vigorously for their country.

Pride is the “pleasure or satisfaction taken in something done by or belonging to oneself or believed to reflect credit upon oneself.” (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pride) Both Pericles and Lincoln loved and were proud of their country. The pride that they felt toward their country is shown in their funeral orations. Pericles said "In short, I say that as a city we are the school of Hellas, while I doubt if the world can produce a man who, where he has only himself to depend upon, is equal to so many emergencies, and graced by so happy a versatility, as the Athenian. And that this is no mere boast thrown out for the occasion, but plain matter of fact, the power of the state acquired by these habits proves” (Pericles, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/pericles-funeralspeech.html) Lincoln also shows the pride he felt toward his country in the funeral oration. Lincoln said “Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.” (Lincoln, http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/al16/speeches/gettys.htm) Lincoln is showing that the American people should be proud that they are a free country. Lincoln also talks about that the American people should be proud that they have liberties that other countries don’t have and that all men are created equal.

Patriotism is one of the key aspects needed for a country to grow to power and remain there for as long as time will allow. Many of the greatest leaders throughout history understood this concept of love and devotion to one’s country. They understood that they will have to suffer for the country to prevail. Both Lincoln and Pericles realized that for their country to survive they must utilize the concepts of patriotism. In Pericles’s funeral oration he said, “Such is the Athens for which these men, in the assertion of their resolve not to lose her, nobly fought and died; and well may every one of their survivors be ready to suffer in her cause” (Pericles). Pericles told everyone present for his speech of past events; that in order to not lose Athens to enemy forces the men had to produce unfathomable amounts of patriotism and died for their country. Now that they have already done that it is up to them to take the reins and suffer for the benefit of the great city. Lincoln, in his Gettysburg Address, also spoke of patriotism. He said, “We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live” (Lincoln). Much like what Pericles had mentioned in his speech about death for advance Lincoln says also. Brave soldiers gave their lives, knowing that they must do so in order for their nation to stay above the clutches of their enemies. In the speeches of Lincoln and Pericles they both exemplified patriotism and how it can save a nation.

Although Abraham Lincoln and Pericles were separated by time, their funeral orations had a lot in common. The both gave speeches at a time of civil war, even though Athens and Sparta are not one they are joined by being Greek. Both speakers told their audiences they should not let the cause that their countrymen died for, be put to rest. They both spoke of how to have honor and pride to be patriotic. The link between Pericles and Lincoln is that they want their fellow countrymen to aid them in not letting the many deaths around them die in vain. Both Pericles and Lincoln believed in their countries and knew that the right words would help their fellow citizens to rise to the occasions surrounding them.

Works Cited

"Pericles' Funeral Oration." Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 11 Mar. 2010. Web. 29 Mar. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericles'_Funeral_Oration>.

"Pride". Dictionary.com. 3/31/10 http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pride.

Lincoln, Abraham. "The Gettysburg Address". odur.let.rug.nl. 3/31/10 http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/al16/speeches/gettys.htm.

Group Outline

1. During the American Civil War, after the battle of Gettysburg, the climax of the war, Abraham Lincoln gave his famous speech at the commemoration of the Field. His type of "funeral oration" is one of the most famous speeches in America to date starting with the phrase "four score and seven years ago" that is very known today. He gave this speeched at the consecration of Gettysburg where so many U.S. soldiers died. He believed that they should consecrate the field not only because so many died there, but for what they did die for, freedom. "...that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion"(Lincoln). Another example of a funeral oration is the speech that Pericles gave at the funeral for the war dead, at the end of the first year of the Pelopennesian war. ("Pericles' Funeral Oration.") Pericles gave his speech and said that the Athenians that are still living should work for the cause that their dead die for. In both cases the speakers tell the living that they should not let the cause that the dead died for to rest.
1. Thesis:

Even though the speeches of Lincoln and Pericles are separate from each other they do share a certain link between them.

2. Honor
1. "...we have forced every sea and land to be the highway of our daring, and everywhere, whether for evil or for good, have left imperishable monuments behind us." do anything for country (Pericles)
2. "...that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain…" (Lincoln)
3. Both paragraphs honor the dead that have fought for their countries
4. Both honor the country that they are a part of

3. Pride
1. "In short, I say that as a city we are the school of Hellas, while I doubt if the world can produce a man who, where he has only himself to depend upon, is equal to so many emergencies, and graced by so happy a versatility, as the Athenian. And that this is no mere boast thrown out for the occasion, but plain matter of fact, the power of the state acquired by these habits proves” “Pericles” (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/pericles-funeralspeech.html)
2. “Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.” “Lincoln” (http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/al16/speeches/gettys.htm

4. Appeal to Patriotism

1. “Such is the Athens for which these men, in the assertion of their resolve not to lose her, nobly fought and died; and well may every one of their survivors be ready to suffer in her cause.” “Pericles” (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/pericles-funeralspeech.html)
2. “We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live.” “Lincoln” (http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/al16/speeches/gettys.htm)

V. Conclusion

a. restate thesis

Outline: Is there a link between Lincoln's Gettysburg address and the funeral oration of Pericles.

I. During the American Civil War, after the battle of Gettysburg, the climax of the war, Abraham Lincoln gave his famous speech at the commemoration of the Field. His type of "funeral oration" is one of the most famous speeches in America to date starting with the phrase "four score and seven years ago" that is very known today. He gave this speeched at the consecration of Gettysburg where so many U.S. soldiers died. He believed that they should consecrate the field not only because so many died there, but for what they did die for, freedom. "...that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion"(Lincoln). Another example of a funeral oration is the speech that Pericles gave at the funeral for the war dead, at the end of the first year of the Pelopennesian war. ("Pericles' Funeral Oration.") Pericles gave his speech

citation:"Pericles' Funeral Oration." Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 11 Mar. 2010. Web. 29 Mar. 2010. .

Vikings vs England

• the anglo-saxons were fighting the vikings
• the vikings sent over 500 ships to England the
• The English were led by Harold
• the normans were led by William
• the vikings were led by Harald Hardrada
• Harold was afraid of the Normans who wanted to take over from the south, the Vikings wanted to take over near the north east. The Englishman set out to fight them at the Battle of Fulford which was the vikings vs the english september 1066. The vikings were led by Harald and the english were led by two earls
• the vikings were not skilled in arrows but in hand to hand combat
• http://www.carm.org/questions/about-sexuality/abortion-wrong

where would rome be without the slaves

The Roman Empire’s rise to power is one of the greatest in history the backbone of the society was the plebeians and slaves; would Rome be the great empire it was without them? In Rome there were two main social classes, Plebeians and the Patricians. The plebes were the common folk and at first did not have much power but ended up fighting for it in the struggle of orders. The patricians were the wealthy aristocratic Romans who owned land and had a stronger hand in politics until the struggle of Orders. The struggle of orders is when the plebeians held and uprising against the Patricians for more power. The slaves though did not exactly have a choice to have an uprising. The slaves did the dirty work that took place in Rome so that the Romans could put their minds into other things. Without slavery Rome wouldn’t risen to power because they would have no backbone in their society.
In Rome, like most places, slaves were not treated well at all. The Romans knew that what they were doing was cold-hearted even a Roman playwright wrote of how slaves were treated. (Platus). As Rome grew and became more powerful more slaves were needed thus causing their masters to become more impersonal with them. Even Cato the Elder did not treat his slaves with Dignity. He believed they should only get new clothes about every two years and the food they got would be used. He said when they got new clothes they clothes that were taken away would be turned into sacks which shows how bad the clothes were. (Cato the Elder). When the slaves revolted there was much turmoil in Rome which shows how important the slaves where. It took a lot of power from the Roman government to get them to calm down. The revolt of the slaves caused much fear as the stoic Romans were afraid that if they slaves took over all they would do was destroy everything. It seems that every time the slaves revolted the Romans could handle it but were still scared out of their wits by them.
The slaves tried many times to revolt, and as the Romans thought them dull minded they were quite clever. Sicily, which was under the power of the Romans, had been bringing in a lot of slaves. There is large problem with bringing in many slaves, there were more slaves than plebeians and patricians. During the Servile Orders two different slaves created two different groups to rampage against those in charge. Although the governors and such believed that the two different groups would end up killing each other the two groups joined forces. (Diodorus Siculus). There was a sicilian slave named Eunus who led one group, he was appointed king and after he and his slaves wiped out basically everyone except for those who could make them weapons. He and his “army” battled Roman generals and beat them very often. The slaves themselves were often used in war. The other slave who led the other group had the name of Cleon. As the war went on the slaves had almost 200,000, by far outnumbering the Romans. In the end the rebels ended up being caught and put under horrible circumstances such as eating their children.
The slaves were strong minded and the Romans learned slowly but surely to treat them with dignity because without the slaves they had much strife. If the Romans did not depend so dearly on their slaves they would not have had so much trouble, and without them they would still be great. (Joel Madden). The fact of the matter is the Romans depended entirely to much on the people that they treated horribly. They got ahead of themselves and did not realize just how many slaves there were.
Without the slaves Rome would not have gotten as much power as it did. If the Romans had to worry about their agriculture, and house duties, and keeping Rome clean, they would not have time to be out conquering more land. Many of the slaves were also soldiers and without all of the soldiers there is no possible way that Rome would have conquered so much land and become so powerful.
"Rome." Ancient History Sourcebook. Ed. Paul Hallsall. Fordham Edu. Web. 25 Mar. 2010. .

Who is the good guy and who is the bad guy

Who is a good guy and who is a bad guy? In the past you would think of a bad guy as the mean one who causes sadness and destruction. Today in the media it is the same thing except with a twist. The media looks at people who are the “bad guy” and tries to figure out why they are “bad”. In novels the author sometimes tries to explain how the “bad guy” got to be the way they are. It is almost as if today we are trying to justify why people are bad, but also why they are good. If you close your eyes and think about Vikings, what do you see? You picture a large man with a hat which has horns on it. You think of someone who pillages towns and kills innocent men, women, and children. You think of a bad guy. But were the Vikings really the bad guy? To answer this question figuring out why they pillaged and killed would be necessary. Also you would have to figure out who is the good guy?

Vikings are popularly known as men who would invade towns in Ireland, Britain, and other places and take as much as possible. Viking in Norse even means piracy (Abkar, Arifa). Some scholars are even feuding over whether or not the Vikings were pillagers. These scholars are saying that the Vikings were not indeed mass murderers and thieves but a good example of cultivated pilgrims, who set the standard for settlers after them. Arifa Abkar writes about this in her article titled, The Vikings: It wasn’t all raping and Pillaging, found in The Independent (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-vikings-it-wasnt-all-raping-and-pillaging-1643969.html). If word gets out that in fact the Vikings were not so vicious then they will probably be seen as the “good guys” since according to the article the Vikings actually got a long quite well with the Celts and British people. If this is so, how come the picture of the Vikings today has come to be so? Scholars view this as the fact that after the renaissance of Scandinavia, Irish story tellers portrayed the Vikings as invaders who destroyed everything in their path. It is true that some Vikings did parade over the British Isles and pillage and kill innocent people, but that’s not what goes to say for all of them. If that is truly the case then wouldn’t these Irish story tellers be the “bad guys”?

For the Vikings that did pillage you may want to know why the pillaged, to see if they are truly bad. During that time in history many civilizations would invade countries so that they could take over and gain power. With the Vikings, who pillaged, that does not seem to be the case. Vikings would just steal, and stealing is a serious taboo today, just as it was in the past. Some scholars say that the reason the Vikings left their cold and barren home in Scandinavia was because living in such harsh conditions was hurting them. They moved south the only way they knew how, on boats. As there is no clearly stated reason that the Vikings left explaining why they became such vicious marauders, scholars agree that the reason is probably the fact that they were poor and slowly losing space in their homeland. The Scandinavians were growing high in numbers but the land was not growing with them. They already knew that their southern neighbors were rich in wealth and land so they decided to leave their home and south. Many of the first vikings who left, left because as political beings were taking over in their homeland they had no power anymore. They viking leaders would take their families and leave. The first known place that the vikings attacked is called Lindisfarne, located in the British Isles. The site were they attacked was a monastery, the vikings stole the church's treasury and killed many of the monks. This is just one of the reasons that vikings are seen as bad guys. Another reason is that most of the places attacked by these vikings were small and unprotected like churches, farms, and small villages.

The Vikings seemed to gain power from weak societies. Whenever they were met with a place that had a strong fort or was protected by soldiers they would tend to go back to their jobs as traders. Using their strength they found a way to get good cash. The head of certain towns would have taxes set aside that would go to the vikings and in return the vikings would not attack them. The vikings seem to not want that much trouble and in a world were Christianity was very much in charge, when the vikings started to live with the southerners they would convert.

It seems that the Vikings cannot be classified as good or bad. They are bad because many of them took lives and stole. They are good because they eventually stopped and worked well with their peers. The vikings felt as if they had no way out to live a better life. The men wanted to have an easier life and felt that having more money and power would get them that. Even though they felt they had no way out, The Vikings are the "bad guys" because what they did was still wrong. Although they contributed a lot to present UK, they were the bad guys.

Citation: Abkar, Arifa. "The Vikings: It Wasn't All Raping and Pillaging." The Independent [London] 13 Mar. 2009. The Independent. 13 Mar. 2009. Web. 19 Mar. 2010. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-vikings-it-wasnt-all-raping-and-pillaging-1643969.html.

Rosenthal, Joel T. "Vikings." Microsoft® Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.

"Viking Funeral." commons wikimedia. Web. 19 Mar 2010. .

Three examples of Charlemagne's influence in the architecture or literature of the Early Middle Ages

Charlemagne, a.k.a. Charles the Great, he was a great political leader in the 8th and 9th century and ruled the Western Empire Of Europe. Charlemagne was good when it came to speaking, which showed he had charisma. During the Byzantine era, rulers began to notice that if you had religion, the Church, on your side than you would be very strong. Charlemagne was very religious and added to the Church's treasury by filling it with gold, silver, and jewels. He sent a lot of gifts to the popes. Charlemagne wanted to make St Peter's church the best and he wanted to put have the Church in Rome under his influence so he could make it better. When he crowned king by the Pope in 800 his influence in architecture and literature became apparent in the Middle Ages.

The Caroliginian Renaissance refers to the time of a certain type of culture that arose when Charlemagne became ruler. Charles was so into latin that he had many writers write in latin. Before Charlemagne was in charge the people had a lot of metal in their art, he merely added on to that. The picture below is the story of Christ's supper. You can tell it is from the Carolginian era because of how full of life the figures are.

Charlemagne also had a large effect on the architecture of his time. Charlemagne respected the greatness that Rome had and wanted to mirror that. The architecture of that time imitated Roman architecture but also had hints of Early Christian architecture and the architecture from the Byzantine era. All of these elements added together ended up in a very distinctive type of construction. A good example of the mix of these different cultures would be the Palatine Chapel in Aachen. It has hints of the Byzantine era when Justinian ruled because of its shape, octagonal, like the Justinian church in Ravenna. The touch of Carolingian can be seen in one of the entrances that is colossal. It is an idea from the Carolingian time called "westwork." "A westwork (also westwerk, the German word) is the monumental, west-facing entrance section of a Carolingian, Ottonian, or Romanesque church.

The exterior consists of multiple storeys between two towers. The interior includes an entrance vestibule, a chapel and a series of galleries overlooking the nave."("Westwork").

In the art of that day, especially in manuscripts, you would find that much of the art are depictions of the old testament. The covers of these manuscripts would be covered in gold and precious jewels and stones. The panels would be set by ivory.

citation:"Plaque with Emmaus Scenes [French] (1970.324.1)". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000 ndash;.

http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/06/euwf/ho_1970.324.1.htm (September 2009)

Drogo Sacramentary. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikipedia. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. .

Plaque with Emmaus Scenes. Digital image. Metropolitan Museum of Art. MetMueseum. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. .

Sorrebela, Jean. "Carolingian Art." Metropolitan Museum of Art. MetMueseum. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. .

"Westwork." Westwork. Wikipedia. Wikipedia. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. .

What is the viking creation story?

The Vikings had their own religion and with different religions come different creation stories. The vikings creation story can be found in the Edda.

The story goes like this........

The chief of the gods, named Othin, called a wise-woman to get some information. She tells him about the past and how the world came to be. The gods took a giant, named Ymir, and used his body to make the world. When the world was first made the sun, moon, and stars did not know what their jobs were so the gods told them. The gods had a great meeting at Ithavoll, were they gave everything names such as dawn, twilight, and years. Ithavoll is also were they built shrines and temples. Then the gods played in the shrines and temples but one day three giant women came. Once again the gods used Ymir's body and created the dwarfs. Out of all the dwarfs the most powerful were Motsognir and Durin. The dwarfs had a home in the rocks but then many of them left to go live on near the beach on the coast. Then the gods made the first people, Ask and Embla. Along with humans came three women from underneath the tree that Ask and Embla were made from. They were called Urth, Verthandi, and Skuld and they represented the pas, present, and future. They controlled the fates of human beings by using runes. The first war occured when an evil witch tried to become a god, the gods tried to kill her over and over again but they she would come back to life. She was finally killed by two people and the gods had an assembly to see if the people should become gods also and Thor got angry.

citation

"Ask and Embla by Robert Engels." commons wikimedia. Web. 18 Mar 2010. .

"The Poetic Edda: Voluspo." Sacred Texts. Web. 18 Mar. 2010

"Thor." commons wikimedia. Web. 18 Mar 2010. .

Summarize and Compare Gibbon to Toynbee on the End of the Roman Empire.

Gibbon is better known as Edward Gibbon. He lived from 1737 to to 1794 and he is the author of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Much of the information in The History.... has been downtrodden by better information found and by the fact that many of what he wrote was bias. When Gibbon spoke of the fall of the Roman Empire he saw it as something inevitable; "But the decline of Rome was the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate greatness."(Gibbons.) Gibbons took the view on the fact that the more the Romans spread out the higher chances they had of falling. The way that Gibbons looks at the fall of the Roman Empire is that historians should not ask why the Empire fell, but why it lasted so long. Gibbons also seems to blame the fall of the Roman Empire on the rise of Christianity. On the other hand comes Toynbee, a student who came long after Gibbon.

Arnold Toynbee was a student at Oxford. He does not agree with the Gibbons on the view the Roman Empire fell because of the rise of Christianity. He says that Gibbons made the mistake of not dating his book earlier. Toynbee believes if Gibbons had started before the rise of Christianity he would see that Christianity is not the reason. Toynbee believes the reason that the Roman Empire fell, is the Roman Empire's fault in itself. Toynbee says that the Roman Empire hurt itself as a civilization, he says that the Romans had gotten to full of themselves and the rise of Christianity was not a a by product of the already rising number of different religions. Christianity became so popular after the Romans had "put itself to death". (Toynbee). He sees the rise of Christianity as a result of the Roman civilization being to into them self.

citation:"Edward Gibbon." Microsoft® Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.

Gibbons, Edward. "Chapter 38." The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 1788. Medival Sourcebook. Fordham, 1996. Web. 17 Mar. 2010.

Arnold_Toynbee. Digital image. Commons.wikimedia.org. Wikimedia, 24 Dec. 2007. Web. 17 Mar. 2010.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Arnold_Toynbee.jpg

Edward Gibbon. Digital image. Commons.wikimedia.org. Wikimedia. Web. 17 Mar. 2010. .

Flashcards, viking literature

Vikings....notes

The Celtic people lived in Gaul, modern day France, and when they were ran out by the Romans they headed up to Ireland. The Vikings were located in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland. There are difference between all of them but when the Europeans talked about the vikings they were putting them all together. The Celts were Christianized while the vikings were not. The Vikings were never ruled by the Romans and did not have a Christian religious tradition. When the Vkings attacked they attacked around the English Isle and stayed there from around the 6 to the 9 century.

viking religion/ old Norse mythology

9 worlds of Norse mythology

1. Midgard- where we currently live
2. alfheimr-to the north of us where the elves live
3. svartalfaheim- black elves
4. vanaheimr- where the sun comes up
5. muspellheim- world of fire
6. jotunheimr- land of giants
7. niflheim - land of ice
8. asgard- where the gods live
9. hel- below us
10. ginnungagap- the land farthest away

Edda-book about the gods

Runes- the alphabet

Books

Ragnarok- story of the great battle between the gods.

Heimskringla - about the great kings and queens of Norse culture, written by Snorri Sturluson. He wrote it as a descendant of the vikings.

viking stories are called sagas.

Two designs for ships were river journeys and open water(sea).

Why are Vikings such common mascots in American sports?

Vikings are strong, and seem to not have mercy. They go after what they want even if it means pillaging through towns. In American sports, teams want to be portrayed as a strong force so why not look to the Vikings as an example? When you think of vikings you think of strong, fearless men with big hats and horns on them. It is no wonder that one would want to be seen as this.

Late Antiquity-....

The Roman Empire started to crumble when the emperors could not handle anything until, Carinus. Carinus set up the tetrachry, greek for rule of four. He took the Roman empire and split it in half and had two guys control the eastern part and two the western. War broke out between two tetrarchs, Maxentius and Constantine. Battle of the milvian bridge, October 28 312. Constantine wins this battle. That morning Constantine looked to the sky and had a vision of the chi ro and had his soldiers paint this on their shields, because they one Christianity became legal in Rome. Constantine becomes the sole ruler and Christianity becomes the religion. Constantine also decides to move the capitol from the city of Rome to Constantinople. When the Roman Empire started to disintergrate the Byzantine Empire started to arise.

Late antiquity the time of transition from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages in Europe and the Mediterranean World. Two Views, Gibbons says Roman Empire came to an end and the other view is that Rome formed into Europe today.

Early Christianity the art was first symbolic because it was illegal until Constantine was in charge.

Byzantine, started in Ravenna and Justinian was in charge. He had the church and the military on his side making him very strong. This is a big difference than the Romans because they did not use the church as a political tool. In the middle ages if you wanted to be a strong leader you need the support of the church and the military because without either you fail.

Constantinople ended up being ruled by Byzantine emperors. During the Byzantine Empire the art of Jesus started to look more like it does today.

How does Early Christian and Byzantine portraiture represent both a continuation of and a break from the past?

Early Christian and Byzantine portraiture show both a continuation and a break from the past. They show a continuation because Byzantine portraiture was formed as a continuation of Early Christian portraiture. Byzantine art is just a modified form created to please the Eastern Orthodox church of that time. In Early Christian portraiture the expressions on the faces of the people in the art would not really mean anything in particular, while maybe the form would mean something. In Byzantine portraiture meaning was always present. With the transition between Byzantine and Early Christianity artists felt that they needed to express the unworldly temperament of the sacred figures. Those who painted or made mosaics did not want to model the sacred figures after human form because that would mean they are human and not sacred. Early Christian and Byzantine portraiture are both similar yet also different. They were more evolved forms of the art that came before them which is how they were not only a continuation but a break from the past.

citation:http://www.metmuseum.org/special/se_event.asp?OccurrenceId={83B5C9F5-AD4E-11D3-936B-00902786BF44}

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_003.jpg

Julia-Claudian Emperors

Did the Roman Empire fall?

There are many examples in history were a civilization that was far advanced in history suddenly disappeared. A good example is the Harappan civilization that had even created a sewage system way before the toilet was even invented. After a period of time historians lost complete trace of them. Great civilizations fall all the time, such as the Roman Empire. But, did the Roman Empire actually fall? The Roman Empire like the Ancient Egypt and the Greeks was very influential on modern society. Many of the discoveries that the Romans made are still being used today such as the Republic and certain war strategies. Rome was very successful in everything it did but all good things must end, such as the Roman Empire. Even though the Roman Empire is no more, most of everything that the Romans did is still present today, so did the Roman Empire really “fall”?
The way approach this question is to understand what it means for an empire to fall. According to Encarta Dictionaries the meaning of fall that pertains to the subject of this essay is come down suddenly. Politically it means to lose political power or be defeated. In the political aspect of falling, the Roman Empire did indeed fall. According to the viewpoint that “fall” holds regarding this essay, Rome did not “fall”.
Politically the Roman Empire did fall because while it was strong for a long time, the strength did not last long. The political system of the Roman Empire went downhill when Commudus became emperor in AD 180. Political institutions collapsed and because politics were basically the core of Rome everything else also went downhill. Another reason the politics fell is because emperors after Commudus started tormenting and oppressing those in the Senate. The reason Rome was so strong as an Empire was because although the Empire was widespread Rome still had power in its different regions. When politics collapsed so did power over residents outside of Rome. When Commudus died a civil war broke out. Politics was very important to the Roman Empire and without it politics Rome failed.
The definition of fall is to come down suddenly, the thing with the Roman Empire “falling” is that Rome did not fall suddenly. You can actually say that Rome reached a peak and after that it was all downhill. Rome was not built in a day and it did not fall in a day either. Rome actually went through a steady decline because of wild Emperors that ruled it. Rome’s empire started its deterioration when the government switched to Constantinople. The empire was then split in half, turning into the Western Empire and The Eastern Empire. The western emperor was eventually driven from his half of the empire by a military general and the Germans saw had their own uprising. A man by the name of Odoacer decided he would take the job as ruler and took away the senate’s right to choose an emperor. The actually decline of the empire started around AD 180 and the Western Empire collapsed in AD 476. It took Rome about 296 years to actually fall.
.Rome did not actually “fall” as some would say because it did not just crash in one day. The Roman Empire was one of the greatest in its day and such as all good things must come to an end, so did the Roman Empire. Augustus the first emperor of the Roman Empire saw a great future for Rome. He was right to see a great future, but not everything is perfect. The Roman Empire started out as a way to make Rome better; Romans were always interested in getting better and being great. The Roman Empire was indeed a great period in history and although it reached its peak to early it still has a great effect on the modern world.


Citation: Encarta Dictionaries
Mellor, Ronald J. "Roman Empire." Microsoft® Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.
"TopThrillDragsterCedarPointe." commons wikimedia. Web. 11 Mar 2010. .

Games and Reviews

http://www.discovery.com/games/pyramid/pyramid.html

Discovery.com has created an interactive game where not only can you learn about the history of the Giza pyramids but you can learn about them also. While building the pyramid it gives you a limit on the time that it takes to build a pyramid, about 23 years. It is very realistic, down to point where you have to get barracks for the workers. This game is good for anyone who wants to learn what it felt like to be in charge of having one of the Pyramids at Gize built.

BBC has a an interactive game that goes through the process of digging up ancient civilizations in the Indus Valley. His name is Professor Indus and he is the archaeologist who gives you the mission of finding the lost city of Mohenjodaro. IT is very realistic as he gives you the tools that you will be needing as a good archaeologists.In this interactive game you learn about where the Indus Valley is located. It is quite clever and fun to play and i recommend it. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/indusvalley/flash/ivl0_index.shtml


Game: Dig it up: Romans
Link: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/romans/
Review: In this game, you are trying to dig up Roman items, hence the name. You are set in a place where there are many underground Roman items. There are places where you can dig up specific items from Roman time period. This is a great game to see old Roman items.


Game: Mesopotamia Farming Game
Link: http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/geography/challenge/cha_set.html
Review: In this game you are a farmer in Mesopotamia. You have to take care of three different plots of land, farm, sow your crops, water, and maybe flood your crops even. This game can be helpful to learn about farming, but it doesn't teach much about Mesopotamia, except that people from there were farmers because of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. This game could be better if it was more interactive with more facts about Mesopotamia and if it had more things to do than just farm.

In this game, Gladiator: Dressed to Kill, you dress up Roman gladiators for battle. The game gives information about the Roman gladiators like how they were armed in a variety of styles that were designed to mimic mythical figures as well as Rome’s past enemies. Specific gladiators were matched together so there would be an exciting fight.

In the game you have sixty seconds to dress up the specific gladiator for his specific battle. You can ask for clues that will help you to figure out which weapons and armor your gladiator should were into battle. You only have four clues and you need to choose four weapons and armor. The four weapons that you can give to your gladiator are a trident, a sword, a spear, and a dagger. Other things that may be given to the gladiator are different types of armor as well as shields and a net. The clues can give you a hint as to what weapon and what armor to send the gladiator in with. An example is “The Retiarius gladiator is lightly armed, and has the equipment of a fisher man.” Based on the clue you can that the weapon that the gladiator should be given is a trident and fishing net. If you choose three of the correct weapons you will be given the palm branch of victory. If you choose all four correctly, you will be given a wooden sword that symbolizes the gladiator’s freedom.

This is a fun game that will help you learn about how gladiators fought and what they were like. It gives information on what kinds of weapons and armor they took into the arena with them which can be very interesting.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/launch_gms_gladiator.shtml

In the game "Death in Rome" you play as a Roman sleuth that has to solve the mystery of a murder. you need to piece together the clues to solve the mysterious death. You only have until dawn to solve the mystery. You need to solve the crime by looking at evidence found, eye-witness testimonies and use your intuition.
The location is Ostia, river port in Rome. The year is 80 AD and the victim is Tiberius Claudius Eutychus. He was found dead in his apartment. You need to find the clues around his apartment and solve the case. You can interrogate witnesses as well.

You use your mouse to explore the room and find clues. This is a fun game that will help you learn what it would have been like in ancient Roman times. Check it out!

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/games/death_rome/index_embed.shtml

St. Augustine of Hippo

• A Berber Philosopher and theologian,

Augustine is a key member to the development western Christianity. He helped mold the basis of original sin and just war. He was born in what is now Algeria. His mother (Saint Monica) wanted him to become a Christian but he became a pagan. After he converted and went against pagans himself. When he became Christian he hated his former lifestyle.

Rome as an Empire compared to Rome as a Republic

I like Rome better as an Empire because although the Empire was a product of the Republic, the way Rome ruled as an Empire was quite beautiful. When Rome took control of a country or civilization it would not just wipe out all culture and implant its own, the Romans just wanted more power and knew that they could have that with out destroying culture. The countries that Rome took over did not seem to be really sad about being ceased, although they would be surrendering all power to the Romans, they did not have as much work to do. Rome as an Empire was more powerful than a Republic, but as an Empire it still practiced its Republic ways. In the countries that it took over they would always have some people appointed in power.

Augustus 'Res Gestae' 19-21 scavenger hunt

http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ztavXfffCuCdtM:http://www.deviantart.com/download/80677015/Temple_of_Apollo_by_Kevrekidis.jpg

Temple of Apollo

The Lupercal shrine, is supposedly the site of where Romulas and Remus were taken care of by a wolf.

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmhwz_wSSQ8htcu9LiSIloyaef_AyE6T2i5p7BTn5nUcukzz17sSHxlI5Opxs-z0RoWgdUncEfzL_8UKRHSCU72osztk_GULlLRmBd6a_ZQRNtppA_oDFBwxqlD9QhzSdNmA5Jnx1RXjo/s400/Lupercal+2.JPG

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28600/28600-h/images/image12.jpg

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28600/28600-h/images/image12.jpg portico at the flaminian circus

Capitoline of Jupiter Subduer

temple of Jupiter Thunderer on the Capitoline hill
http://www.forumromanum.org/life/johnston324.jpg

temple of minerva. http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/01/37/bd/ff/temple-of-minerva.jpg

Temple of Juno. http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:KCg5aR7cGqQUOM:http://www.chrishorner.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Juno%2BTemple%2Bin%2BAgrient-1024x768-8514.jpg



Temple of Jupiter Liberator. http://www.greatdreams.com/lebanon/baalbeck_002_jupiter_columns_evening.JPG

Theatre of Pompey. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Exteriortheatreofpompey.jpg/415px-Exteriortheatreofpompey.jpg

Forum of Julius(Caesar)
http://www.11rome.com/top10/inglese/image/Forum_of_Julius_Ceasar.jpg


Temple of Castor http://www.spencersmagic.com/blog/wp-content/2008/06/temple-of-castor-and-polluxblog.jpg

Temple of Saturn. http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:Ah8yD-ZPkPlHpM:http://www.airflights.to/Rome/images/Temple-of-Saturn.jpg

forum of Augustus http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:fl936u9MgaNmWM:http://www.roman-empire.net/tours/rome/pictures/forum-augustus-01b.jpg


temple of mars ultor. http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:GYSWacwQ31idpM:http://www.colorado.edu/classics/clas4091/Graphics/Foraugremains.jpg

Theater at the temple of Apollo http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:tLb2c1wMFgQJzM:http://www.bibleplaces.com/images/Delphi%20theater%20and%20Temple%20of%20Apollo%20from%20above,%20tb051303084.jpg



Tempe of Vesta. http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:L9eY_FHxNsTRHM:http://groups.physics.umn.edu/mmc/personnel/pete/Travel_pics/Pete_and_Amanda_in_Italy%5BJul-Aug_2003%5D/august%2001%202003/large/lg_07%20Temple%20of%20Vesta.JPG

What was the attitude of the Romans toward women and children?

In he 12 Tables the Romans show their attitudes towards women and children. They wanted their kids to be a reflection of them which is seen on the fourth tablet which states "A dreadfully deformed child shall be killed." Also parents were allowed to sell their children. The men felt that the women were the ones who had to take care of the kids, "Our ancestors saw fit that "females, by reason of levity of disposition, shall remain in guardianship, even when they have attained their majority." Women did not have any rights, if a woman and a man had lived together for a year that would mean they're technically married and he could act as her father. Most Romans believed in stoicism which means they showed indifference in harsh situations. In the next Roman law women are targeted directly because they have more emotions "Women must not tear cheeks or hold chorus of `Alas!' on account of a funeral." X.4

citation : Adams, John Paul. "The Twelve Tablets"http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/12tables.html.

What is so Ancient about Rome?

What is the first thing that you think of when you hear the word ancient? Most people would think of their grandparents, Medieval Times, or Ancient Egypt. According to encarta dictionaries, the word ancient means: old: very old or of distant past, belonging to the distant past: especially to the time before the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in ad 476. Even in the definition of ancient, ancient times is before Rome collapsed. Rome was high and thriving for a long time, so what really makes it so ancient? Well, Rome is old and of the quite distant past, but there are many other things that make it ancient. Although many of the ways and systems of Ancient Rome are still used today, many are not, and the city of Rome is itself is not.

In history styles, trends, ideas, and beliefs have come and gone. If you like watching television shows that are old you may see bell bottoms, flapper, and very large cell phones. A lot of the things that are ancient are not in use anymore, but many of the things from Rome are still used today. A great example of something that Rome passed down to the modern world is the idea of a Republic. Just because something is ancient does not mean it can not be used anymore, in the case democracy is another good example. A good example of something that is from that is not used anymore would be the Twelve Tablets which are the earliest tries to create a procedure for following and enforcing law. One of the laws from these set of laws states that a father has the right to kill their child if they are horribly deformed. This comes partly with the fact that during that period of time it was felt that if any deformed person was a demon or bad omen of some sort.

In Rome, like many other civilizations during the ancient times, religion influenced everyday life. Religion was present in politics, law, and entertainment. In the Tragedy of Julius Caesar, Shakespeare makes it very apparent that the Romans and Caesar himself believed that he was divine. In the 12 tablets the law that let fathers kill their deformed children was created because of the religious aspect of a bad omen or demon. Most of the time when studying ancient civilizations you notice how influential religion is. Even today religion is influential, in the Pledge of Allegiance, America's Pledge, you hear “One nation under God”, and even on the American dollar you see the words “in God we trust”.

Everything from the past is what has made today the way it is. Not everything from the past is what you call ancient though, you would not call an action you made yesterday ancient. Rome is ancient because of all the things that the Romans did that set the standard for things that happen today. The Republic is something from the past that Rome kind of gave as a gift to the world today. Many of the events from Roman history have taught us today. Modern society has learned from Rome's numerous mistakes. Such as the great defeat against Carthage when general Hannibal was in charge. We have also learned from Rome's great attributes such as the creation of the Republic were everyone's opinion is voiced and everyone is represented.

Granted that the city of Rome is still occupied today, you can not help to think of Rome as ancient. Rome is old and very influential like a seasoned politician. Rome is ancient because of the time period that it lived in and the great influence it has on modern times.

Citation: Adams, John Paul. "The Twelve Tablets"10 June 2009. CSUN. 5 March 2010. http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/12tables.html.

"Rome Colosseum at night." commons wikimedia. Web. 5 Mar 2010. .

Punic War pt 3

• Scipio aemilians, scipio africanus' son who sieges carthage and destroys it
• Cato the Elder is the speaker who wanted to defeat Carthage once and for all

Herodotus, Livy, and Thucydides

Herodutus
Herodotus is the Greek man who is called the father of history. He lived from around 484 to 425 B.C. He lived in Halicarnassus but was kicked out when he was thought to have been conspiring against Persian rule. When he left he traveled throughout Asia Minor, Greece, and Egypt. These journeys supplied him with a lot of knowledge of Ancient Middle East. He wrote what is called The History. It's divided into nine books. The first six of books talk about legens and traditions of the people of the ancient world. The last three have to do with the battles between the Greeks and Persians. A lot of what he wrote down came from his own knowledge and the rest from other people.








Livy
Livy is more like a nickname for Titus Livius(59b.c-AD17). He was a Roman historian and he wrote what is called History of Rome, it is one of the basic sources of Ancient Roman literature. History of Rome is an account of the story of Rome starting from when the city first started to 9 b.c. It goes over a series of 142 books. As a Roman when he wrote Rome's history he wrote it as if it was already going to be great. Not all of what he wrote was actually accurate though and he wrote Rome's history as if it was a great novel.












Thucydides


Thucydides (460-400 B.C) was a Greek historian who wrote the History of the Peloponnesian War. Writing the History made him acknowledged as one of the best historians of ancient history. When he wrote about history he did not think about other people's opinions. He wrote about the Peloponnesian Wars as they were happening because he saw that they were very important. This means that History of the Peloponnesian War is a primary source. In 424 B.c. he was asked to command an Athenian fleet, he did not arrive to his destination in time and Amphipolis was captured by Sparta. His failure resulted in him being exiled for 20 years.
















citation: "Herodotus ." commons wikimedia. Web. 3 Mar 2010.
"Titus_Livius." commons wikimedia. Web. 3 Mar 2010.
Bregman, Jay. "Herodotus." Microsoft(R) Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.
"Livy." Microsoft(R) Student 2009 [2009]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.
"Thucydides_puskin01." commons wikimedia. Web. 3 Mar 2010. .