Blurbs

Pausanias: Description of Greece

• One of the first things that you see when entering Attica is the temple to Athena. Peiraeus is the port of Athens and there is a lot of history behind it, it is believed that is where Menestheus left to go destroy Troy. There are monuments to Zeus and Athena in Periaeus also, they are both bronze statues. Near a portico by the see is another monument to Zeus and Demos. By the other see Canon is the sanctuary of Aphrodite. At another harbor called Munchyia the Athenians have many sanctuaries and shrines to gods and heroes alike. In the city of Athens itself there is another monument to Antiope, an amazon woman shot because of a love triangle she was enthralled in. Moving up from Peiraeus is a road and on the side of the road are graves of famous men who had fought in wars. The city is a perfect depiction of being wary of the gods because it is basically a shrine to them. Many of the memorable places in Athens have a story behind them that can be told a number of ways. Pausanius likes to give the back stories on basically everything in Athens because it gives these different places character and it shows their history.

Plutarch

• Solon's father is considered to be Euphorion more people agree that it is Execestides. His mother is related to Pisisastrus's mother making Pisisastrus and Solon Cousins. Plutarch says this is why Solon and Pisisastrus never really fought even though they had heated arguments in government. Plutarch likes to give quotes to prove his statements true. Plutarch likes to explain all angles of the person he is writing about even the people that in this case, Solon met. This way he does not leave anything open and everything is explained.

Solon

• Solon wrote of everything that he did in career. The way he wrote it down was very poetic, he wrote of how he freed many Athenians from slavery. Solon was a strong Athenian and all for his city. He was a patriotic person.

Herodotus

• Herodotus wrote of how politics, no matter how perfect they seem, have flaws and when people gain to much power it goes to their heads. Herodotus's writing seems almost poetic and it flows so that although what your reading is true it seems like a story is being told.

Pericles

• In Pericle's Funeral Oration he is writing to bring patriotism to the Athenians and showing that all the pain that many of them have gone through is not in vain.

Out line: How do you think things would have been different if the Persians had won the Persian wars?

1. How do you think things would have been different if the Persians had won the Persian wars?
   
   1. Thesis: The spread of Greek philosophy and culture would have been halted if the Persians had won the Persian wars.
      
2. The Fathers of History
   
   1. Aristotle's works would be completely different if there would be any at all, his life experiences would be totally different if the Persians had taken over his country. If Aristotle's works were not published than England would never have had the 12 century renaissance that they had when they discovered his works.
3. Alexander
4. Alexander would have had a harder time taking over Persia, his teacher probably would not have been Aristotle. Alexander may not even have been in the power he had.
5. Acropolis/Athens

1. If the Persians had won the war then the Acropolis in Athens would never have been rebuilt. The Romans would probably have not as easily took control of Athens later on either.

2. Athens probably would not have become the greatest Greek trading place which is what happened after the Athenians came back to Athens and rebuilt their city. "Athens thus became the finest trade centre in Greece." (Ancient History Sourcebook)

6. Greece

1. Greece would be totally different than it is today because the Persians would have basically eliminated all traces of the Greek culture or would have molded it to fit Persian culture.

2. When the Persians had lost the first invasion of Greece, Athens was still in fear that the still powerful Persians would attempt to invade Greece again. They and other allies formed the Delian League. The Delian League was a democratic alliance much like the United Nations today. If the Persians had won the wars than the Delian League would not have been formed. "They are the first two examples of which we have detailed knwoedlge of a serious attempt at united action on the part ofa large number of selfgoverning states at a relatively high level of conscious political development."

7. Conclusion

1. The world as we know it would not be the same if the Persians had won the Persion invasion. Such philosophies such as that of Aristotle would not exist and European culture would have reached its renaissance, if it did at all, much later than it did.

8. Citation

"Ancient History Sourcebook: 11th Brittanica: Delian League." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 28 May 2010. .

"Ancient History Sourcebook: 11th Brittanica: Themistocles." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 28 May 2010. .

Reviewing: Egypt and Greece

• In the Egyptian after life, whether or not a person went to the underworld had a lot to do with the ka. The ka was a person's soul and they would have their heart measured against a feather of mot. If it was lighter than the feather it could go into the afterlife with Osiris Isis and their names were entered in the book of the dead.
• 6 major historians
• Herodatus (490-525 BCE) - Persian wars between Greeks and Persians
• Thucydides (460/455-399BCE)- Pelopenisian wars Spartans Athenians
• Xenophon (428-354)- Athenian wrote about what happended during Socrates time
• Aristotle (384-323BCE) - logic and philosophy, wrote the first encyclopedia and had his students at his school help. Encyclopedia in Greek basically means encompasses all learning.
• Plutarch (46-120CE)- Greek lived during Roman occupation. Known for his biographies
• Pausanias (fl. 160CE)-wrote first travel guide
• Classical age started around 400 BCE with the Greeks coming out of the archaeic age.
• Persian Wars
• Xerxes worked his way up the coast and asked people to join him or be destroyed, some Greek city states joined him while others got destroyed. The bosphorus is also known as the Istanbul Straight. The went through Thrace, Macedonia, Thessaly, Epirus and then to Attica. For a while they were stopped at Thermopylae where the Spartans and some of their allies held them off so that Athens could be evacuated. The Harbor of Athens is called Piraeus it was the port of Athens and it had large walls that protected them from attacks.
• Greek Geography. When the Persians got their and the city was gone they burned everything including the things on the Acropolis. When the Persians were lured out to and defeated at Salamis the Athens returned and rebuilt the Acropolis and formed the Delian league and they used the money from the league treasury to rebuild the Acropolis.
• Thessalonika is also called Thrace, it is in the Northern Region of Greece
• The Acropolis has a history of war and religion. During the persian wars it was destroyed and it had the theater of Dionysus, a goddess. The Parthenon is on top of the Acropolis and it is the most important piece of Doric Architecture which is the oldest type of Architecture in Greece.
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What were Michelangelo's influences? Consider his works in fresco, sculpture, architecture, poetry and underlying humanist beliefs?

Even at birth Michelangelo was constantly surrounded by art. His birthday, March 6th was considered astrologically the time of being a genius of the arts. Even before Michelangelo could walk he was supposed to be great with art. His father, Lodovico di Lionardo Buonarotti Simon, ended up moving himself and Michelangelo to Settigano in Florence where there were many sculptures working. The constant art in his life is one of the influences on Michelangelo's intrest and perfection in his art. "Giorgio, if I have anything of genius, it came to me from being born in the subtle air of your country of Arezzo, while from my nurse I got the chisel and hammer with which I make my figures. (Michelangelo).

Michelangelo eventually came to be schooled under the Medici who had an art school. Lorenzo Medici was so interested in Michelangelo's work that he begged Buonarotti's father to adopt him Michelangelo grew up with the Medici and loved them a lot, during the protestant reformation on Pope Clement's death bed, Michelangelo was asked to finish his work in the Sistine chapel. He did this and he portrayed his mood into the final painting of the last judgement. The Medici were a great influence on Michelangelo's work because they were the ones who paid for his education in art.

Another great influence on Michelangelo's work was his belief in humanism.
Humanism is the philosophy of a variety of ethical theory and practices that emphasizes a reason, scientific inquiry, and human fulfillment in the natural world and often rejects the importance of belief in God (Dictionary.com). Humanism during the Renaissance or Michelangelo's time was more about separating from God and understanding the human mind more. This is spotted in his sculpting and painting because his depiction of Holy things were all in Human form and were not made to look any different from regular human beings.

During the time where art was starting to seem more pagan with such artists as Sandro Boticelli painting the birth of venus, Michelangelo was pushed even closer to the Church. He ended up working closely with the church for which he painted the Sistine Chapel, and for Pope Leo, a Medici, he built tombs for the Pope's father.

In Michelangelo's poem he wrote of love, drew images, and started to write about Christianity. He showed sorrow in his later poems so it seemed he regretted something. Michelangelo was a steadfast praiser of the Lord and this not only came out in his art but in his poetry. "No man can find it: Father! Thou must lead". (Michelangelo)

Michelangelo's influences were God, the art that surrounded him as a child, and the Medici.

Citation:Creation_of_Adam_Michelangelo. Digital image. Commons Wikimedia. Wikipedia. Web. 20 May 2010. .

"Michelangelo Biography - Life, Family, Childhood, Death, Mother, Young, Son, Old, Information, Born, House, Time, Year." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Web. 20 May 2010. .

"MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI(1475~1564." Oracle ThinkQuest Library. Web. 20 May 2010. .

Michelangelo-Buonarroti-David-2-Replica-Florence. Digital image. Commons Wikimedia. Wikipedia. Web. 20 May 2010. .

Michelangelo_Petersdom_Pieta. Digital image. Commons Wikimedia. Wikipedia. Web. 20 May 2010. .

"To the Supreme Being, by Michelangelo Buonarroti." Poetry Archive | Poems. Poetry Archive. Web. 20 May 2010. .

Vasarie, Giorgio. "Michelangelo: Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 20 May 2010. .

Notes on Micheal angelo and Medici

• 1501
• Michael angelo sculpted a 13 foot marble block. He worked very hard and his life was all about art. It took him three years to finish the block
• He started to draw away from the Medici.
• When Florence came away from the Medici the Medici fled Florence while Michelangelo stayed. The cousin Medici, Giovanni and Guliano were trying to make it big in the church but they could not without Florence, where they could not return. They went throughout Italy trying to get the help of friends.
• When Michelangelo was finished his sculpture it was unveiled to Florence, it was first meant to go onto the Cathedral but they put it front of the town hall. The sculpture it was David but when placed in front of the government building it became a symbol of the city. He was upset that the Medici did not help Florence in the way he wanted.
• One of Michelangelo's competitors was da Vinci who even went to such great lengths as dissecting human bodies.
• Niccolo Machievelli had to protect Florence from the Medici and he formed an army against them. The Medici ended up gaining control of the city but the people still did not like them. Giovanni was a cardinal and when the pope died he became Pope Leo the tenth. When Giovanni became Pope, Florence forgot everything and took the Medici in with open hands and appointed Gulianno archbishop and eventually cardinal.
• Michelangelo was already commisioned to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel by the late pope and he thought he would fail.
• Michelangelo worked with Fresco which was very hard to work with because it had to be painted on quickly. The Medici who were now in charge offered Michelangelo to bring tombs for their fathers. Machievelli was eventually exiled from Florence. Machievelli wrote a book called the Prince and it seperated politics from thinking he believed he would be able to get on the good side of the Medici and it failed.
• 1516, some cardinals conspired to assassinate the pope he had been warned previously and had them killed after a failed attempt. The Medici ended up being more careful about who they let in power.
• Pope Leo eventually owed a lot of money and his cousin was pawning away the pope's jewel. Pope Leo started to sell papers that said if a person had done wrong they had the Church on their side. These were called indulgences. Martin Luther became angry at the church for this. He wrote a "manifesto" for change and had many versions of it printed and circulated. Luther was trying to reform the Church but things lost control. Pope Leo saw this and condemned Luther to hell. Luther started the protestant reformation and the Church split in two. When Leo the tenth died his cousin Julio had to deal with the problem of protestant reform and he became Pope. The protestant reformation brought fighting into Rome. The Pope fled to Florenc but the rioters found out already and sacked Florence including break the David that michelangelo had created. Michelangelo hid in a church.
• Catherine de Medici was in line if Clement died. She was 7 years old and the people threatened to throw her into a soldier's brothel and he called of his troops so they could rescue her. Catherine was married of at 14 to the son of the French King. The religious wars soon affected France because of her. Pope Clement was eventually on his dying bed and he asked Michelangelo to make a fresco for him. Michelangelo painted the last judgement. He died in 1534 ending the corrupt reign of Medici popes.

Is Monarchy more or less effective than democracy?

When a person thinks of a Monarchy they think of Kings and Queens and such. Today the most famous Monarchy is the Monarchy in England. What most people do not know is that the Queen of England does not do much to do with legislature and is more of a figure to unite the nation. Look back at Monarchy of the Renaissance and the Middle Ages, when Monarchs had real power. Monarchs were very effective when it came to getting what they wanted for their country. Democracy is the type of government in the United States, it is also effective but it takes longer when it comes to legislature because more people have to be pleased. Monarchy is more effective when it comes to making changes because it does not go through series of process where there are a lot of people that have to deem something good or not.
The American government has a system called a democracy. A democracy is government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system.(Dictionary.com) Having a law past in America can go from a couple of months, to a couple of years because of all the people that have to agree to getting the law passed. The government is comprised of the system called checks and balances so that no one has to much power. Checks and balances are limits imposed on all branches of a government by vesting in each branch the right to amend or void those acts of another that fall within its purview (Dictionary.com). The American government is effective but not as effective as absolute monarchy.
A Monarchy is a state or nation in which the supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in a monarch (Dictionary.com) So basically the person who is the monarch has supreme power and is considered "sovereign". There are two types of monarchy, absolute monarchy and limited monarchy. Absolute monarchy is a monarchy that is not limited or restrained by laws or a constitution (Dictionary.com). Limited Monarchy is a monarchy that is limited by laws of a constitution (Dictionary.com). The Monarchy that the Tudor Dynasty belonged to was an absolute monarchy and England was ruled with monarchies such as these until after parliament took a change around the time of Edward VI. The most famous Monarchy today is the Monarchy in England. The monarchy that England has today is a limited monarchy. Today's English Monarchy is more of a promotion of National Unity. They are more for show because they mostly go to events and carry out important deeds and charity. The monarchs of England today are called constitutional monarchs. When the constitution of England was formed around 1688 the monarchs lost a bit more of power. Walter Bagehot was a wealthy englishman who wrote about the English Constituion. He wrote about the English Monarchy and said that the "Sovereign" have three rights which are: "the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, the right to warn" (History and Background).
Laws in older England, when Monarchs had more power, did not take very long to get passed. The more trouble was making sure everyone in the country new the law. A good example of this is the reign of the Tudor monarchs. In a true monarchy, the king or queen rules everything and has a set of advisors. Laws can be made very quickly and only needed the yes or no of the monarch. One of the main problems with the monarchy of the Tudor times is that the power would sometime go to their heads and they would ignore the plight of their people. Such as Queen Mary who turned the Protestant England back to Roman Catholicism and persecuted Protestants in England. In her persecutions about 800 wealthy protestants exiled themselves from England, and 284 were executed. One of the main problems with absolute monarchy is that when monarchs change there is a possibility of having a very different monarch, which is what happened with the Tudors. Henry VIII was for England being Protestant, as was his son. Then Mary changed England to being under Rome's rule but when Elizabeth changed England back to being Protestant. Monarchs are very quick when it comes to changing things they do not like where as in a democracy it would take a longer time to get change.
There is a large difference between what is more effective and what is better. Democracy is better because the people of a country have more input into what happens with their rights and laws. The chance of an uprising occurring in a democratic government is not as high as an uprising happening in a Monarch ruled government.
Monarchy is more effective than government because there is not such as hassle for legislation like there is in a democracy. Although a democracy is all around better than a monarchy Monarchs have more effect.

citation: "The Act of Supremacy." Then Again. . . Web. 15 May 2010. http://www.thenagain.info/Classes/Sources/ActSupremacy.html

"BBC - History - British History in Depth: Wales under the Tudors." BBC - Homepage. Web. 15 May 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/wales_tudors_01.shtml

Courage, Despite Her. "Mary I of England." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 15 May 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England#Persecutions

Elizabeth_I_of_England. Digital image. Commons.wikimedia.org. Web. 14 May 2010. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Elizabeth_I_of_England_-_coronation_portrait.jpg

"Elizabeth's Act of Uniformity (1559)." History Department, Hanover College. Web. 15 May 2010. http://history.hanover.edu/texts/engref/er80.html

"History of the Monarchy." The Official Site of the British Monarchy. British Monarchy. Web. 14 May 2010. .

"Monarchy of the United Kingdom." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 15 May 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_monarchy#Constituional_role

"Parliament of England." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia. Web. 15 May 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England

"Tudor Dynasty." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 14 May 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Dynasty#Tudor_monarchs_of_England

Martin Luther video

• The Church was in charge and could sometimes be corrupt and act like tyrants
• Martin Luther grew up in Northern Germany as a child he worked in the church which he found as an escape from his home. His parents beat him and his father wanted him to be a lawyer but they were lower than that on the chain.
• Luther went to the best schools and enrolled at the university of Erfert.
• In 1505 the plague hit Erfert and three of his friends died of it. He began to greatly fear and revere God. One night he was stuck outside in a storm and almost died and he took a vow to become a monk.
• He became a monk and the monastery which he lived in was quite nice because it was very business like. The Church got taxes from the people who gave them this willingly for fear of being cut off from God. This eventually drew Luther away. The Monks would go threw a lot of self mutilation like whipping and even Luther slept out in the snow until he was pulled inside.
• Luther eventually went on a pilgrimage to the Holy City if Rome, when the Renaisance was reaching its peak. When the shine wore off Luther noticed the Church was more about money. He began to notice that the priests were only good business men and did not care at all about God.
• Luther started to question the teachings of the Church. Luther began to confess many times over because everytime he confessed his inner conscience would tell him how not sorry he really was.
• He ended up going to work with another monk who made him work with the spiritually uncertain
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The Links between politics and religion in the face off between England and Spain culminating in the invasion of the Spanish Armada

In 1588 King Phillip used his Spanish Armada to invade and take over England. Spain was much stronger and wealthier than the smaller weaker England so in most cases he would have won. England's cunning is what drove the Spanish Armada to defeat. But why did King Phillip want to invade England when they had done nothing to him? In fact England had been attacking the ships that were going to Span from the Americas but it was not just that. King Phillip had previously been married to Queen Mary who had the Catholic Reformation in England, when she died Queen Elizabeth 1 took the crown and started the Protestant Reformation that her father had started. King Phillip was angered by this because he was for Catholicism and felt England should be the way his late wife left it. While married to her he wanted her to give birth so that when she died England would be Catholic. Before dying Mary made Elizabeth promise that she would keep England close with Rome and she would have to promise if she wanted to be next in line. Elizabeth broke her promise and this is another thing that sparked King Phillip's anger towards England. Elizabeth's Act of Supremacy in 1559 started England on the way away from Rome. "An acte restoring to the crown the ancient jurisdiction over the state ecclesiastical and spritual and abolishing all foreign power repugnant to the same" Is the phrase that starts The Act. Another event in 1559 was that Phillip offered to marry Elizabeth and she refused this was a poltical blow.

citation: "BBC - History - British History in Depth: The Spanish Armada." BBC - Homepage. Web. 13 May 2010. .

"Elizabeth I - Act of Supremacy, 1559." The Gunpowder Plot Society. Web. 13 May 2010. .

Schools History. Web. 13 May 2010. .

"The Spanish Armada." UK Travel and Heritage - Britain Express UK Travel Guide. Web. 13 May 2010. .

Did da Vinci deserve the title of a genius?

Leonardo da Vinci holds the title as one of the four titans of art. He is considered a genius and his art rivals that even of today. Many believe it and it is pretty much true. Giorgio Vasari wrote Leonardo's biography and truly showed da Vinci's genious, "so great was his genius, and such its growth, that to whatever difficulties he turned his mind, he solved them with ease." (Vasari) A genius, according to dictionary.com, is an exceptional natural capacity of intellect, especially as shown in creative and original work in science, art, music. Leonardo had a vast capacity of intellect that did not only apply to art. He studied mathematics, music, and many different aspects of art. Leonardo studied art from the inside out, he even went to the extent of dissecting human bodies at night so he could understand how and why the human body looks the way it does. His body sketches are even used in medical books today. Leonardo was a genius and worked very hard to achieve that title. His passion for learning new things is what makes him a genius in many ways.

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The Lady with an Ermine. Digital image. Commons.wikimedia.org. Web. 12 May 2010. .
"The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Special Exhibitions." The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York: Metmuseum.org. Web. 13 May 2010. .
Vasari, Giorgio. "Medieval Sourcebook: Giorgio Vasari: Life of Leonardo Da Vinci 1550." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 13 May 2010. .href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_Lady_with_an_Ermine.jpg/439px-The_Lady_with_an_Ermine.jpg">

Writing like da Vinci

Da vinci wrote mirror images in his journals so that no one could decipher what he did and steal his ideas. The phrase there is "The greatest gifts are often seen, in the course of nature, rained by celestial influences on human creatures" from the beginning of his biography by Giorgi Vasari

Leonardo da Vinci

• scientist and artist
• move to Florence with his father at 12
• became an apprentice in Verrocchio's( an artist) studio
• da Vinci also studied linear perspective created by Brunalleschi
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Summarize how Elizabeth rises to the throne -- from her birth to her coronation.

Elizabeth was born the only child of the marriage between Anne Boleyn and her father King Henry VIII. Her stepsister was Mary from Henry's previous marriage, they did not get along well because Elizabeth was in line for Queen ahead of Mary because she was Henry's "legitimate" heir. When Anne Boleyn failed to deliver a son for the king Henry had a plot made to get rid of her and she was executed. This event also made Elizabeth illegitimate along with Mary and although she was illegitimate she was still used as a pawn by those in power, once even having to stand naked in front of a king to show she had no blemishes. Henry's next marriage was to Jane Seymour who invited both of the girls to court. Seymour gave birth to Edward but died thereafter. When Henry himself died Edward Seymour, who was related to Jane Seymour, held power until Edward would become king. Edward gave one of his relatives, Thomas Seymour power. Thomas Seymour tried to romance Elizabeth but failed. He ended up marrying Henry's widow who eventually died after Edward was in power. Elizabeth could not come to court because of Thomas Seymour's shenanigans but when he was executed she was allowed. Meanwhile, Mary was allowed in court by her pro Catholic ways forced her out of popularity so when Elizabeth arrived she was popular. Edward who was often sick was on his death bed and a plot was hatched to get him to debar his sisters from being next in line and having Lady Jane Grey be in power. this plan failed and Jane Grey was executed Mary became queen. At first Mary was liked but her popularity faded as she introduced Roman Catholicism back into England and persecuted protestants. When Mary died she left her successor to be Elizabeth.

citation: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Elizabeth_I_c_1600.jpg

I Elizabeth, video

King Henry staying power after cutting off from the Church

King Henry the 8th was very great in the fact that he cut off the Church and still held great power. In his day and age, having power after cutting off the Church was nearly impossible. So how did he do it? When Henry took control of Roman Catholic Abbeys he took the money out of them and would disperse it amongst the Tudors. Also by diminishing the monasteries King Henry's church grew in itself. King Henry killed all those who opposed him including the head of monasteries, in a letter to Thomas Cromwell, Richard Pollard informs him of the latest execution, "Pleaseth it your Lordship to be advertised that..[On November 15] the late abbot of Glastonbury went from Wells to Glastonbury, and there was drawn through the town upon a hurdle to the hill called the Torre, where he was put to execution;" King Henry was very charismatic but he had the people on his side, those who opposed him were instilled with fear so there was very little anyone could do. Also Henry's new religion was very similar to that of Roman Catholicism so it was not a great big change, the rules were more lenient so the people liked it better. Another thing that was not a big change was that before Henry was excommunicated he slowly gave Rome less power of England by making laws in which they could not make laws without the King's consent. Henry remained in power by making sure the Church had no power over England and the English people themselves. He made sure that he had the hearts of the people and the fear of his enemies so that no would oppose him.

citation: "Henry VIII of England." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 13 May 2010. .

Henry VIII V2 BestLo. Digital image. Commons Wikimedia. Wikipedia. Web. 13 May 2010. .

Pollard, Richard. "Medieval Sourcebook: The Suppression of Glastonbury Abbey." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 13 May 2010. .

notes from class: European Renaissance

• Henry the 8th. The Tudors
• Divorced his first wife because she bore him no sons and married Anne when she was 6 months pregnant with Elizabeth. His other daughter, Mary, had to work as Elizabeth's lady in waiting and was embarrassed by this. They did not like each other. In 1554 a law was passed so only his children from Anne were legitimate. She miscarried her only son and Henry was done with her and had her beheaded for adultery and treason. Elizabeth was then declared a bastard and kept from Henry for her safety. She was always used as a pawn for political movements and the like.
• Henry married Jane Seymour after two weeks of Anne's death and she wanted the two girls in the court where they became friends because they were both bastards. Jane gave birth to Edward but then died.
• He died from being overweight and having blood clots in his leg.
• Queen Elizabeth I was very powerful and loved by the people. Also called the Virgin Queen. Became queen at 25. Her reign was called the Elizabethan Age. Elizabeth under Henry's 6th wife was given a great education. Elizabeth was fascinated by her father and his great power. At her father's death people either hated her or wanted to use her for a politcal pawn. At Henry's death Elizabeth's brother Edward, age 10, was next in line buthe was to young so he had to wait till of Age. Edward Seymour held power until young Edward was of age. He appointed Thomas Seymour who was in love Catherine Parr, the widow of Henry, to power. At first he tried to get Elizabeth to marry him but when she refused him he married Catherine Parr. He still tried to have sex with Elizabeth and when Catherine figured this out she blamed Elizabeth. Catherine Parr died of child birth and Thomas still tried to get Elizabeth. This was embarrassing and her brother Thomas would not let her come to court. Thomas Seymour was eventually executed and she was allowed into the court. Mary did not like being in the antiCatholic court so when Elizabeth came she got a lot of attention. Particularly because of the way she dressed. A plot was hatched to get a sick Edward to debar his sisters from being next in line by Dudley which involved Lady Jane Gray becoming queen, Mary ended up being queen and Jane Gray was executed. Elizabeth decided to "watch and wait" and was very careful about everything she did. She had her own household and was quite frugal. She read, danced, and played the harp a lot. Mary was at first accpeted by England but because she wanted England to go back to Catholiscm the people grew angry. She also wanted to marry Philip king of Spain which resulted in Elizabeth becoming more popular and the people disagreeing with Mary even more. Protestants started to get killed across the countryside.

Medici Video cont....

• Savonarola a domincan monk did not like what the medici's were doing
• He was all about Religion and anything that was not religious was wrong
• Michelangelo was adopted by the Medici and he even got to listen to and talk to many different artists such as Boticelli.
• He worked on religious subjects but was pulled to the legends that he heard of at home with the Medicis
• Michelangelo believed that his pagan art was leading him in the wrong direction.
• Savonarola had found listeners and believed he could see the future. He said he viewed Lorenzo's freedom of the arts was bringing Florence down. The people of Florence were split down the middle.
• Lorenzo had lost a fortune and across Europe many of the banks had had to close. They started to lose their friends which is how their power started to fall.
• In 1492 he got sick and he turned to the church for help. Giovanni Medici, his son, was a cardinal. Lorenzo asked Savonarola for peace but Savonarola cursed him instead. Lorenzo died at age 43
• Savonarola took his chance at power when Lorenzo died. Boticelli even went along with it and Christianity showed up in his art. Prostitutes were beaten, homosexuals burned, make up and jewelry forbidden. Savonarola wanted the kingdom of God on earth and his commands were carried out by militant youths. A Public burning of unGodlike things was held. In it were books, sculptures, jewelry, and makeup and the like. Even paintings were burned. This is known as the "Bonfire of the Vanities".

Exploration...good or bad?

Many can argue forever on whether or not exploration is a good thing. Exploration is responsible for how the world is today and how it will be tomorrow and the next day. Without exploration so many different things would be impossible. The definition of exploration, according to Dictionary.com, is the investigation of unknown regions (Dictionary.com). Although the results of exploration can be catastrophic for some, positive outcomes are more abundant. Explorations result in periods of illumination and new insight which is hardly ever a bad thing. Two different renaissances have occurred in the past because of exploration. Discoveries like the discovery and invention of penicillin have made many break throughs in science and society. Many people are stuck in the state of mind where “ignorance is bliss” knowledge holds power that can make things great. Exploration is a good thing because without it civilization would be very primitive and at a higher risk with the dangers of nature.
Without exploration knowledge would be very limited. Without knowledge life is pretty hard. Before the “renaissance” Europe went through what is called “the 12th century renaissance”. During the Middle Ages the Europeans were in despair and labored a lot, they did not have the means or the philosophy to make things better. They lacked the knowledge of Aristotle and when they discovered his works they went through the renaissance. Exploration put them through this period of enlightenment because Aristotle’s works were located in Constantinople which before was under the power of Muslims who the Europeans stayed away from. When the Europeans ventured into Constantinople they discovered his works and progressed. Aristotle did not just give the Europeans the answers to all their problems but internal exploration was also needed. John of Salisbury understands this when he writes in The Metaligicon, “We frequently know more, not because we have moved ahead by our own natural ability, but because we are supported by the menial strength of others, and possess riches that we have inherited from our forefathers” (Kreis Steven). Exploration results in a deeper understanding of ourselves so we can move forward. The example of the 12th century renaissance is a perfect example of how exploration results in enlightenment and progression.
The actual renaissance is also called the “Re-Birth”. This name is appropriate because European civilization started a new and took what they have learned from the past and applied it to current day. They “explored” their history as well as Roman Antiquity to achieve new beginnings. The “Godfathers” of the renaissance were the Medici family starting with Cossimo Medici who was very interested in exploration of different art. The renaissance was started by a family who was not afraid to try new things and take risks. In a letter to his son Giovanni, Lorenzo Medici seems very confident about the future and all his actions, “although it be impossible to foresee what accidents may happen, yet I doubt not but this may be done with equal advantage to all”(Lorenzo) Without exploration the Renaissance would not have come about. The renaissance was a time of new thinking and vast artistry. The artist Filippo Brunelleschi formed a new type of art called linear perspective and Sandro Botticelli started producing very controversial pagan art in a time where the Church was still very influential. Even the views on the Church were beginning to change when a new type of religious viewpoint called “humanism” started to rise. Humanism is where humans are view as the center point of everything, not just God anymore. Cossimo Medici was very interested in art, which he had a good eye for, he explored art and this exploration discovered great artists like Sandro Botticelli, Michelangelo Buonaratti, and Filippo Brunelleschi. These artists were geniuses when it came to art or architecture. Exploration does not only have to be of the present but of the past which prepares us for the future. These artists learned more about and used Roman Antiquity of the past to go into the Renaissance. Botticelli used the paganism of the Greeks in his art which is obvious in his painting, The Birth of Venus. Where art was mostly about the holy family he took a great risk of doing such a thing. This is exploration because it is going into the unknown and by doing so he led the way to an Art Renaissance. Exploration and risks may be good or bad but most of the time it is good.
Exploration has resulted in cures for illnesses, renaissances, new ideas and philosophies, and new countries. Although in some cases fatal mistakes occur or others are oppressed because of exploration it is mostly for good. Without exploration the world, in social terms, would be at a standstill. Humans would be susceptible to so many natural dangers. Knowledge and survival of the fittest would be very elementary.
Citation
Kreis, Steven. "Lecture 26: The 12th Century Renaissance." The History Guide -- Main. Web. 28 Apr. 2010. . http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture26b.html
Botticelli-primavera. Digital image. Commons Wikimedia. Web. 7 May 2010. .
Healy, Tom, Charles Hope, and Evelyn Welch. "BBC - BBC Radio 4 Programmes - In Our Time, Paganism in the Renaissance." BBC - Homepage. BBC. Web. 07 May 2010. .
Medici, Lorenzo. "Medieval Sourcebook: Lorenzo De Medici: Paternal Advice To A Cardinal (C. 1491)." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 07 May 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/lorenzomed1.html

Notes from class: More on the Medicis

• Brunalleschi's dome was being built but the brutal phase was at the top where the problem was whether or not he bricks would fall in. His solution to this was to build vertical bricks to kind of hold the other bricks back. In 1446 the dome was finished.
• Cosimo set up the council of Florence which brought in a mix of merchants, thinkers, and artists to show off the new cathedral. Cosimo paid the travel fees for people from all over. There were many public lectures and Cosimo moved up politically. He became the "godfather" of the Florentine people. Cosimo died in 1464 and he was declared father of the father land. When he died his son
• The Medici ruled through out the renaissance.
• There were rumors of a coup trying to take over the city if Florence when the Medici family had left. Guiliano and Lorenza Medici were the heirs to the Medici dynasty. The Medici did not only rule in Italy.
• A marriage between the Medici and the Roman aristrocracy took place to establish military help. He married Clarice Orsini.
• Weeks after the wedding Lorenzo's father died and Lorenzo as the elder brother gained power.
• Lorenzo was a bit reluctant to become the leader of the Medici family.
• The Chapel of the Magi. Building where on the inside where the three generation of the Medici family and their friends. Lorenzo was also a scholar and knew poetry.
• Under the Medici the Artists created "la primavera" which was inspired by imagination. Boticelli's paintings were very paganistic.
• The Pazzi were the second richest family in Florence and were more noble and older than the Medici. Medici kept them out of political office and the Pazzi tried to get them out. The church was in debt to the Medici so they sided with the Pazzi. The Pazzi knew they had to kill both of the Medici brothers.
• rumors of the conspiracy spread and a new plot was created. On April 26, 1478 all of Florence gathered to celebrate Easter. Guiliano Medici died of 19 stab wounds. Lorenzo was not not there but he was wounded and showed himself to the crowd. The supporters of Medici killed the plotters of the Pazzi family.
• Lorenzo found out that the pope had ordered the Medici family to be wiped out.
• He traveled to meet with his enemies. Florence was worried as was Florence.
• Lorenzo arrived in Naples with many gifts and a peace deal was established although the Pope was against it he consented. The orders were called off and Florence was saved.
• Lorenzo was in control and sponsored da Vinci
• Da Vinci's rival was Boticelli who worked harder to gain the patronage of the Medici
  
• Savonarola thought Lorenzo was ruining Florence with the almost pagan ways.
• Clarice Orsini, Lorenzo's wife, died of TB. he took solace in art thus discovering a young marble sculpture by the name of Michelangelo Buonaratti. Michelangelo was discovered my Lorenzo at age thirteen and was adopted by him.

The Medici and exploration

The Medici family are called the Godfathers of the Renaissance. Their promotion of exploration set the Renaissance in motion. They promoted artistic exploration, philosophical exploration, and external or physical exploration. Cosimo Medici used a lot of the money that he and his family had to promote Florence itself. He put money into different artists such as Michelangelo Buonarratti, Donatello, Filippo Brunaleschi, and Fra Angelico. Being an artist before and during the early renaissance was very rare because the best way to make money was to be commissioned before the art was made. So basically artists did not have shops set up where they sold art. The most outlandish and crazy artist/architecture that the Medici family sponsored was Filipo Brunelleschi who was a quite wild in his work but also considered a genius after he completed the unfinished dome of Duomo of Florence.

The Medici encouraged artistic exploration and took such risks because as they were making their rise to the top they needed to make a name for themselves. They believed very much in the people that they backed and whenever they took risks it always ended in good. Most of Europe was looking for a change and art was one of the ways to establish this. During the Council of Florence Cosimo Medici spread the greatness of Florence to far off lands thus becoming more popular and making Florence itself better.

citation: "Cosimo De' Medici." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 06 May 2010. .

"Filippo Brunelleschi." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 06 May 2010. .

"House of Medici." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 06 May 2010. .

Michelangelo_Buonarroti_Tondo_Doni. Digital image. Commons Wikimedia. Wikipedia. Web. 6 May 2010. .

How is the art of the Renaissance different from the art of the Middle Ages?

During the Renaissance art changed dramatically from the art of the middle Ages. In the middle ages art was not as realistic as it is modernly. Art in the middle Ages was not quite exact and during the Renaissance art became more realistic. Artists painted or drew what they actually saw from the main points to the smallest details. This new type of art was called linear perspective and was created by Filipo Brunaleschi. Filipo Brunaleschi wanted works that had been done using linear perspective to be able be looked at using a mirror and to look 3 dimensional in a way. Pioneer artists of the Renaissance looked towards Roman Antiquity for inspiration because people of the Renaissance

wanted something new. Roman Antiquity expressed humanism which gave "Holy" people a human form. Also it gave room for humans to be the starting point for most things so that artists studied the human anatomy more.

Religion during the Renaissance was still very effective and expressive in art. The main difference between religious art of the Middle Ages and religious art in the Renaissance is that during the Renaissance the Saints and Holy Family were depicted as more human and what set them apart from normal humans were the little details that were added to them such as a leaf for Adam and Eve.

Art in the Renaissance was very realistic and was not two dimensional anymore. Paintings had more depth and the figures in the depth showed emotion and looked more humane. In some of the paintings of people the figures seemed as if a snapshot had been taken of them while moving. To be able to show depth, movement, and three dimensional figures in art Artists of the Renaissance studied the anatomy, light, and shadows of the objects or people that they drew. By following these new points of art paintings became very exact to the point that clear jewels were painted as if they were reflecting the light. On of the most known artists who exhibited this type of art the best was Jan van Eyck.

The main difference of art in the Renaissance was "realism" which produced paintings and art that was realistic to what is seen in real life.

citation:"Early Renaissance Art: Painting, Sculpture: History, Famous Artists." Irish Art | Encyclopedia of Visual Arts in Ireland | History of Painting, Sculpture, Printmaking: Artists, Museums, Galleries, Exhibitions. Web. 05 May 2010. .

"Filippo Brunelleschi." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 05 May 2010. .

Jan_en_Hubert_van_Eyck_-_Ghent_altar_. Digital image. 4umi.com. Web. 5 May 2010. .

L'abbe_Mena_et_le_Christ_01. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikipedia. Web. 5 May 2010. .

"Medieval Art." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 05 May 2010. .

The_Birth_of_Venus. Digital image. Commons Wikimedia. Wikipedia. Web. 5 May 2010. .

Notes on Video Renaissance

• The Medicis were originally merchants but through many different ways they eventually gained power. They are said to have gotten the renaissance started.
• The Medici family are the Godfathers of the renaissance
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medici
• Cosimo and others were looking for lost secrets of the Ancient World.
• Florence in 1400 was a trade center and a republic so the most powerful families competed to have political power.
• The Medicis owned a bank and Giovanni Medici was in charge of that. He chose clients carefully, the most loyal were his clients.
• An ex pirate was trying to get into the Vatican so he could be in charge but he needed money so he asked the Medicis who helped him. In 1410 he was elected Pope John the 23rd and he rewarded the Medicis because he could trust their bank.
• At this they became the top of the Florentines. There was a cathedral still unbuilt in Florentine sat in Florence and because it was still uncompleted because they could not finish the Florentines were quite embarrassed by it.
• Cosimo searched for someone to fix the dome of the cathedral
• 
  
• Filippo Brunelleschi was a disreputable architecture and the Medicis took a risk and used his help. In 1419 he designed a new orphange and the Florentines were amazed it it.
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi
• Brunelleschi sparked an architectural revolution across Europe.
• Cosimo and Brunelleschi both agreed on that they wanted to build a classical city on the border of Rome.
• The Medicis tried to promote themselves through art and literature and by having secret dealings and by helping people get known.
• Brunelleschi worked on the solution of building and Cosimo backed him. Before he set to work the cathedral officials had know his plan was good but he did not want anyone to steal his plan so they let him go ahead even though he was quite unsure if it would work. With the help of Cosimo Filippo visited Rome for help because his dome was going to be the largest unsupported dome of his time.
• He decided to build a smaller dome inside of the big dome.
• While the dome was being built Cosimo's father, Giovanni had a failing health. Giovanni warned his son not to show pride and to keep out of the public eye before he died in 1429.
• With Giovanni dead Cosimo questioned how to gain power over the Albici.
• The Medici family and their followers fought with the Albici family and their followers. People were killed and bribed so that power could be gained. Cosimo was summoned to the palace of Government where the Albci were waiting for him.
• Cosim was imprisoned at the very top of the palace of government and was afraid that he would be pushed out. The Albicis could not do this however and the people had to vote. The Albicis had all of the Medici friends barred from the vote. Cosimo was found guilty of treason and faced execution. Cosimo had friends in the Albici camp and he ended up being able to walk. Although he lived he and his family was banished. None of their friends were safe and Brunelleschi was thrown into jail so that the dome was unfinished. Without the Medicis Florence was in trouble economically because the Medici bank was gone. The Albici had lost control of the city. Cosimo's exile was over and the Medici got revenge on the Albicis. A lot of them had their faces ruined.
• The Medici bank got money from those all over, those who were late for taxes were threatened with excommunication.
• Cosimo commissioned many artists to make things for him. These new artists became widely recognized. Most of the renaissance artists lived in Florence.
• Filippo came up with new technique called linear perspective

What type of exploration has a greater long-term impact on a society: external exploration of the world or internal exploration of human understand

Philosophers can argue for years over which is more important, internal or external exploration. External exploration results in internal explanation because when you learn more externally you become a better thinker of the math and sciences. External exploration leads to the discovery of long forgotten civilizations which prompts current civilization to move forward. My finding out about the past people can grow internally for the future. External exploration has a greater long term impact on society because society can grow internally and externally. When more information is found and more questions are answered then education can become more in depth and when education is more in depth than thought processes are stronger. With smarter people society can grow even more. External exploration has more prizes then internal in the end.

Life other than on Earth?

In Mark Memmot, one of the bloggers of npr's "The Two Way" blog, wrote about how the astrophysicist Stephen Hawkings warns people not to go searching for Alien life. According to Hawkins he does not think that the Aliens will be very nice as most explorers to new lands are. Memmot ends the article with a question: "Well, what do you think?"

The attempt to search and find life on other planets has been in the minds of people for probably thousands of years. Scientists are always exploring even the depths of earth itself so branching out and looking for life on other planets will be beneficial to mankind itself. Just because Hawkings does not think the Aliens will be nice does not mean mankind should hide in a hole and keep to themselves. Those who are most successful take the risks that make them successful. When life on other planets are discovered mankind should take full advantage of that and try to find out as much about them as possible. Hawking fears that the exploration of Aliens may lead to us what happened to the Native Americans when Aliens landed. "If aliens visit us, the outcome would be much as when Columbus landed in America, which didn't turn out well for the Native Americans,"(Hawkings). The problem is that hiding away does not do anything. Hollywood and their movies about Alien attacks have only instilled fear of a foreign race that is still unknown.

citation:Aliens_and_Crop_Circles. Digital image. Commons Wikimedia. Wikipedia. Web. 3 May 2010. .

Memmot, Mark. "Don't Tell The ALiens We're Here, Stephen Hawking Says; They Might Not Be Friendly." Web log post. Npr.org. National Public Radio.org, 26 Apr. 2010. Web. 3 May 2010. .